标准编号:	NB/T 47006-2019
中文名称:	铝制板翅式热交换器
英文名称:	Aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger
行业分类:	NB    能源行业标准
发布机构:	国家能源局
发布日期:	2019-06-04
实施日期:	2019-10-1
标准状态:	superseded
替代旧标准:	NB/T 47006-2009 NB/T 47006-2009(JB/T4757) 铝制板翅式热交换器
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	60000 字
翻译价格(元):	4000.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative. This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009 Directives for standardization - Part 1: Structure and drafting of standards. According to the requirements of GB/T 151-2014 Heat exchangers, this standard is revised based on NB/T 47006-2009 Aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger and with full reference to the contents of standards including ALPEMA 2010. The following main changes have been made with respect to NB/T 47006-2009 Aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger: ——The design pressure range is increased from no greater than 8.0MPa to no greater than 10.0MPa; ——The requirements for cooling rate during start-up and shutdown are raised; ——The requirements and methods for helium mass spectrometer leakage testing are modified; ——The contents with regard to the structural types of common welded joints in Annex G for reference in design and manufacture; ——The maximum allowable design temperature of common aluminum materials and allowable stress of common materials in Annexes B and C respectively are added; ——Stress analysis cases of typical header structures in Annex E are added; ——Methods for dryness and air resistance test in Annexes H and I are added. This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee 262 on Boilers and Pressure Vessels of Standardization Administration of China. The previous editions of this standard are as follows: ——JB/TQ 258-76, JB/T 7261-1994 and NB/T 47006-2009. Aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers 1 Scope 1.1 This standard specifies the design, manufacture, inspection, acceptance, installation, use and maintenance requirements of aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers (hereinafter referred to as “heat exchangers”). 1.2 This standard is applicable to heat exchangers with design pressure not greater than 10.0MPa. 1.3 This standard is applicable to -269°C~200°C design temperature of heat exchangers. 1.4 This standard is applicable to heat exchangers used in air separation and liquefaction, natural gas processing and liquefaction, petrochemical engineering and mechanical power devices, etc. 1.5 The pressure elements of heat exchangers that cannot be designed and calculated by this standard can be designed according to the method specified in 4.1.6 of GB/T 150.1-2011. 1.6 Scope of heat exchangers a) Heat exchanger body and its connection with external pipeline: 1) The groove end face of the first circumferential joint of welded connection; 2) The first flange sealing surface of flange connection; 3) The first threaded joint end face of threaded connection; 4) The first sealing surface connected with special connecting pieces or pipe fittings. b) The connection welds between pressure elements and non-pressure elements. c) Non-pressure elements directly connected to the heat exchangers, such as supports, lifting lugs, base plates, etc. d) Overpressure relief devices directly installed on the heat exchangers.   2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 150.1-2011 Pressure vessels - Part 1: General requirements GB/T 150.3 Pressure vessels - Part 3: Design GB/T 150.4 Pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance GB/T 151-2014 Heat exchangers GB/T 1804-2000 General tolerances - Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications GB/T 2624.1-2006 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Part 1: General principles and requirements GB/T 2624.2-2006 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Part 2: Orifice plates GB/T 2624.3-2006 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Part 3: Nozzles and Venturi nozzles GB/T 2624.4-2006 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full - Part 4: Venturi tubes GB/T 3198-2010 Aluminium and aluminium alloys foils GB/T 3880.1-2012 Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy plates, sheets and strips for general engineering - Part 1: Technical conditions of delivery GB/T 3880.2-2012 Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy plates, sheets and strips for general engineering - Part 2: Mechanical properties GB/T 3880.3-2012 Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy plates, sheets and strips for general engineering - Part 3: Tolerances on forms and dimensions GB/T 4436 Wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy tubes - Dimensions and deviations GB/T 4437.1 Aluminium and aluminium alloy extruded tubes - Part 1 : Seamless tubes GB/T 6892-2015 Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys extruded profiles for general engineering GB/T 6893 Aluminium and aluminium alloys cold drawn(rolled) seamless tubes GB/T 13384 General specifications for packing of mechanical and electrical product GB/T 16474-2011 Designation system for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy GB/T 16475 Temper designation system for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy (GB/T 16475-2008, ISO 2107: 2007, MOD) NB/T 47013.2-2015 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 2: Radiographic testing NB/T 47013.3-2015 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 3: Ultrasonic testing NB/T 47013.5-2015 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 5: Penetrant testing JB/T 4734-2002 Aluminium welded vessels YS/T 69-2012 Aluminium and aluminium alloy clad sheets for brazing TSG 21-2016 Supervision regulation on safety technology for stationary pressure vessel 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions established in GB 151-2014 and JB/T 4734 and the following apply. 3.1 plate-fin heat exchanger the heat exchanger consisting of accessories such as core, header, nozzle and support Figure 1 shows a plate-fin heat exchanger (hereinafter referred to as a “heat exchanger”) Figure 1 Plate-fin heat exchanger 3.2 core the core consisting of various fluid channels which are banked and brazed into a whole according to the design requirements. Each layer of channel consists of parting sheet (cap sheet), heat transfer fin (distributor fin), side bar, etc., as shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 Single-layer channel structure 3.3 heat transfer fin wavy element for heat transfer enhancement and pressure bearing between two parting sheets in the core 3.3.1 fin type fin type indicating the geometric shape of the fin, mainly including plain fin, serrated fin, wavy fin, etc., among which plain fin and wavy fin can be perforated into perforated fin as required 3.3.2 percentage of opening the ratio of the surface area of the heat transfer fin reduced after opening of the perforated fin to the total surface area of the heat transfer fin before opening 3.4 distributor fin the fin that distributes the fluid into the core at the inlet and outlet, which is generally plain (perforated or non-perforated) fin 3.5 side bar an element of the heat exchanger core for sealing and supporting each layer of channel   3.6 parting sheet a sheet in the heat exchanger core that is used for separating the fluid between two layers of fins and is welded with the heat transfer fin and the side bar to form a whole during brazing 3.7 cap sheet a cap sheet located at the outermost side of the heat exchanger core 3.8 dummy layer the channel layer which is set at the top and bottom of the core to connect with the ambient atmosphere and doesn’t involve heat exchange. The dummy layer only meets the requirements of strength, thermal insulation and manufacturing process 3.9 dead area the area in a channel that is connected with the heat transfer fin or distributor fin but has no medium flow 3.10 layer arrangement a channel arrangement required to realize heat exchange between cold and hot media, including single banking, double banking, and single and multiple banking 3.10.1 single banking an arrangement that each hot channel is arranged adjacent to a cold channel, as shown in Figure 3 a) 3.10.2 double banking an arrangement that each hot channel is alternating with two alternating cold channels, or each cold channel is alternating with two hot channels, as shown in Figure 3 b) 3.10.3 single and multiple banking the combination of single banking and double banking in the same core, besides hot channel is arranged adjacent to cold channel in the same core, as shown in Figure 3 c) Figure 3 Channel arrangement diagram 3.11 header a header that is usually welded of header body, nozzle, header with ends, flange (or nozzle cap), etc. 3.11.1 header body the semi-cylindrical part of the header 3.11.2 header with ends the plate connecting both ends of the semi-circular header and the header body   3.11.3 nozzle the pipe connecting the external pipeline and the header 3.11.4 nozzle cap a part that are used to close the nozzle during pressure test or nitrogen sealing 3.12 composite block a core that two or more cores are connected into a whole by parallel welding, as shown in Figure 4 3.13 manifolded exchanger a combination of two or more heat exchangers in different piping forms (in parallel or in series), as shown in Figure 5 3.14 heat transfer area the sum of heat transfer surface areas of all channels of the same fluid, including areas of primary heat transfer surface and secondary heat transfer surface 3.14.1 primary heat transfer surface a heat transfer surface provided by the parting sheet 3.14.2 secondary heat transfer surface a heat transfer surface provided by the heat transfer fin, with the surface where the heat transfer fin is directly welded with the parting sheet removed 3.15 equivalent diameter the diameter of circular pipe that is obtained by converting the dimension of non-circular channel according to the principle of equal hydraulic radius Figure 4 Structure diagram of composite block Figure 5 Composition diagram of manifolded exchanger 4 General requirements 4.1 General 4.1.1 In addition to the requirements of this standard, the design, manufacture, inspection, acceptance, installation and use of heat exchangers shall also meet the requirements of the purchaser or the relevant laws, regulations and standards directed by the purchaser, as well as the drawing requirements. 4.1.2 See Annex A of GB/T 151-2014 for the declaration of conformity of this standard. 4.2 Pressure 4.2.1 The heat exchanger consists of several (equal or unequal) pressure channels. The respective design pressures shall be determined according to the dangerous working conditions that may occur during the operation of each channel. 4.2.2 The design pressure of each channel shall not be less than the maximum working pressure of the channel. 4.2.3 When the heat exchanger is designed according to external pressure, the maximum difference between internal pressure and external pressure that may occur during manufacture and use shall be considered. 4.2.4 When the heat exchanger works in vacuum, the design pressure of the vacuum channel shall be considered according to its external pressure. When a safety control device is provided, the design pressure shall be 1.25 times the maximum difference between internal pressure and external pressure or 0.1MPa, whichever is smaller; when no safety control device is provided, the design pressure shall be 0.1MPa. 4.2.5 The design pressure shall not be greater than the maximum allowable working pressure of the heat transfer fin determined by the burst test.

Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 General requirements 5 Materials 6 Design 7 Manufacture, inspection and acceptance 8 Installation and operation Annex A (Informative) Preparation method of heat exchanger model Annex B (Informative) Maximum allowable design temperature of common aluminum materials of heat exchanger elements Annex C (Informative) Common materials of heat exchangers and their allowable stresses Annex D (Normative) Determination of the maximum allowable design pressure of the heat transfer fin Annex E (Informative) Stress analysis cases of typical header structures Annex F (Informative) Brazing procedure specification and brazing procedure qualification report Annex G (Informative) Welded joint types Annex H (Normative) Dryness test Annex I (Normative) Air resistance test method of heat exchanger Annex J (Informative) Cautions for use of heat exchanger Bibliography

铝制板翅式热交换器 1 范围 1.1 本标准规定了铝制板翅式热交换器(以下简称热交换器)的设计、制造、检验、验收、安装、使用和维护等要求。 1.2 本标准适用于设计压力不大于10.0MPa的热交换器。 1.3 本标准适用的热交换器设计温度范围为-269℃～200℃。 1.4 本标准适用于空气的分离与液化、天然气加工及液化、石油化工及机械动力装置等场合使用的热交换器。 1.5 对不能采用本标准进行设计计算的热交换器受压元件，可按GB／T 150.1—2011中4.1.6条规定的方法进行设计。 1.6 热交换器界定范围 a) 热交换器本体及其与外部管道的连接： 1)焊接连接的第一道环向接头坡口端面； 2)法兰连接的第一个法兰密封面； 3)螺纹连接的第一个螺纹接头端面； 4)专用连接件或管件连接的第一个密封面。 b) 非受压元件与受压元件的连接焊缝。 c) 直接连接在热交换器的非受压元件，如支座、吊耳、垫板等。 d) 直接安装在热交换器上的超压泄放装置。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB／T 150.1—2011 压力容器 第1部分：通用要求 GB／T 150.3 压力容器 第3部分：设计 GB／T 150.4 压力容器 第4部分：制造、检验和验收 GB／T 151—2014 热交换器 GB／T 1804—2000 一般公差 未注公差的线性和角度尺寸的公差 GB／T 2624.1—2006 用安装在圆形截面管道中的差压装置测量满管流体流量 第1部分：一般原理和要求(GB／T 2624.1—2006，ISO 5167-1：2003，IDT) GB／T 2624.2—2006 用安装在圆形截面管道中的差压装置测量满管流体流量 第2部分：孔板 GB／T 2624.3—2006 用安装在圆形截面管道中的差压装置测量满管流体流量 第3部分：喷嘴和文丘里喷嘴(GB／T 2624.3—2006，ISO 5167-3：2003，IDT) GB／T 2624.4—2006 用安装在圆形截面管道中的差压装置测量满管流体流量 第4部分：文丘里管 GB／T 3198—2010 铝及铝合金箔 GB／T 3880.1—2012 一般工业用铝及铝合金板、带材 第1部分：一般要求 GB／T 3880.2—2012 一般工业用铝及铝合金板、带材 第2部分：力学性能 GB／T 3880.3—2012 一般工业用铝及铝合金板、带材 第3部分：尺寸偏差 GB／T 4436 铝及铝合金管材外形尺寸及允许偏差 GB／T 4437.1 铝及铝合金热挤压管 第1部分：无缝圆管 GB／T 6892—2015 一般工业用铝及铝合金挤压型材 GB／T 6893 铝及铝合金拉(轧)制无缝管 GB／T 13384 机电产品包装通用技术条件 GB／T 16474—2011 变形铝及铝合金牌号表示方法 GB／T 16475 变形铝及铝合金状态代号(GB／T 16475—2008，ISO 2107：2007，MOD) NB／T 47013.2—2015 承压设备无损检测 第2部分：射线检测 NB／T 47013.3—2015 承压设备无损检测 第3部分：超声检测 NB／T 47013.5—2015 承压设备无损检测 第5部分：渗透检测 JB／T 4734—2002 铝制焊接容器 YS／T 69—2012 钎焊用铝及铝合金复合板 TSG 21—2016 固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程 3 术语和定义 GB／T 151—2014、JB／T 4734界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本标准。 3.1 板翅式热交换器 plate-fin heat exchanger 本标准中的热交换器是由芯体、封头、接管及支座等附件组成。图1为板翅式热交换器，以下简称热交换器。 流体1 流体2 接管 导流片 封头 流体3 隔板 封条 翅片 支座 侧板 图1 板翅式热交换器 3.2 芯体 core 芯体由各流体的通道按设计要求依次叠置、钎焊成一体。每层通道由隔板(侧板)、翅片(导流片)、封条等零件组成，图2为单层通道结构图。 隔板(或侧板) 封条 翅片(或导流片) 图2 单层通道结构 3.3 翅片 heat transfer fin 芯体中两隔板间实现传热强化与承压的波纹状元件。 3.3.1 翅片型式 fin type 翅片型式是指翅片的几何形状，主要有平直型翅片、锯齿型翅片、波纹型翅片等，其中平直型翅片和波纹型翅片可以根据需要打孔成为多孔型翅片。 3.3.2 开孔率 percentage of opening 多孔型翅片开孔后翅片表面积的减少量与开孔前翅片总表面积的比率。 3.4 导流片 distributor fin 在进出口引导流体进入芯体的翅片，一般为平直型(打孔或不打孔)翅片。 3.5 封条 side bar 在热交换器芯体中，起封闭和支撑各层通道作用的元件。 3.6 隔板 parting sheet 在热交换器芯体中，分隔两层翅片之间流体的平板，钎焊时与翅片、封条焊接成一体。 3.7 侧板 cap sheet 位于热交换器芯体最外侧的盖板。 3.8 强度层 dummy layer 设置在芯体顶部和底部与环境大气相通，不参与热交换的通道层。强度层(又称工艺层)仅满足强度、热绝缘和制造工艺等要求。 3.9 无效区域 dead area 通道中和翅片或导流片相连但无介质流动的区域。 3.10 通道排列 layer arrangement 实现冷热介质换热所需要的通道排列方式，可分为单叠排列、复叠排列、混叠排列。 3.10.1 单叠排列 single banking 每一热通道都与一冷通道相邻排列，通道单叠排列示意图见图3 a)。 3.10.2 复叠排列 double banking 每一个热通道都与两个冷通道相间，或每一个冷通道和两个热通道相间，通道复叠排列图见图3 b)。 3.10.3 混叠排列 single and multiple banking 在同一芯体中除有热通道与冷通道相邻排列外，在同一芯体中同时有单叠和复叠排列存在，通道混叠排列见图3 C)。 A—冷通道；B—热通道 a) 通道单叠排列示意图 A—冷通道；B—热通道 b) 通道复叠排列示意图 A—冷通道；B—热通道 c) 通道混叠排列示意图 图3 通道排列图 3.11 封头 header 封头通常由封头体、接管、封头端板、法兰(或封盖)等零件经焊接而成。 3.11.1 封头体 header body 组成封头的半圆筒部分，又称封体。 3.11.2 封头端板 header with ends 半圆封头两端与封头体连接的板，又称封瓦或半圆板，简称“端板”。 3.11.3 接管 nozzle 连接外部管路与封头的管子。 3.11.4 封盖 nozzle cap 试压或氮封时封闭接管的零件，又称闷盖。 3.12 多芯体热交换器 composite block 多芯体热交换器是指由两个或两个以上的芯体，通过并联焊接的方式连接成一体所组成的芯体，图4为多芯体组成的热交换器结构图。 3.13 热交换器组 manifolded exchanger 热交换器组是由两台或两台以上的热交换器按不同的配管形式进行组合(并联或串联)而构成，如图5所示。 3.14 传热面积 heat transfer area 传热面积是指同一流体所有通道传热表面积之和，传热面积包括一次传热表面和二次传热表面的面积。 3.14.1 一次传热表面 primary heat transfer surface 一次传热表面是指由隔板提供的传热表面。 3.14.2 二次传热表面 secondary heat transfer surface 二次传热表面是指由翅片提供的传热表面去除翅片与隔板直接焊接部分的表面。 3.15 当量直径 equivalent diameter 将非圆形通道尺寸按水力半径相等的原则换算而得到的圆管直径。 图4 多芯体组成的热交换器结构图 芯体1 芯体2 芯体3 图5 热交换器组的构成图 4 通用要求 4.1 通则 4.1.1 热交换器的设计、制造、检验、验收、安装、使用除符合本标准的规定外，还应遵守需方要求或是其指定的有关法规和标准规范，且应符合图样要求。 4.1.2 本标准的符合性声明参见GB／T 151—2014附录A的规定。 4.2 压力 4.2.1 热交换器是由数个压力通道(相等或不等)组成。应按各通道操作时可能出现的危险工况分别确定各自的设计压力。 4.2.2 每一个通道的设计压力应不低于该通道的最高工作压力。 4.2.3 热交换器按外压设计时，应考虑制造、使用过程中可能出现的最大内外压力差。 4.2.4 热交换器工作在真空状态时，真空通道的设计压力按承受外压考虑，当设置有安全控制装置时，设计压力取1.25倍的最大内外压力差或0.1MPa两者的较小值；当无安全控制装置时，取0.1MPa。 4.2.5 设计压力不应高于由爆破试验确定的翅片的最高允许工作压力。 4.3 温度 4.3.1 设计温度应不低于元件金属在工作状态可能达到的最高温度。对于0℃以下的金属温度，设计温度应不高于元件金属在工作状态可能达到的最低温度，最低为-269℃。 4.3.2 热交换器各部分在工作状态下的金属温度不同时，按最高的金属温度设计。在任何情况下，元件金属的表面温度不应超过材料的允许使用温度。 4.3.3 元件的金属温度可用传热计算确定，或在已使用的同种工况的热交换器上测定，也可按介质温度确定。 4.3.4 内部热应力应不超过所用材料允许使用范围。在稳定状态下，热交换器通道之间(同一截面)的最大允许温差为50℃左右；在有相变流体以及有在瞬间循环的条件下，最大允许温差不宜超过30℃。 4.3.5 不同工况的热交换器，应在图样或相应技术条件中分别注明各工况的压力和温度值。 4.4 设计 4.4.1 流体介质应洁净，且对铝合金无腐蚀作用。 4.4.2 热交换器型号的编制方法参见附录A。 4.4.3 设计时应考虑以下载荷： a) 内压、外压或最大压差； b) 液体液柱静压力； c) 热交换器的自重，以及正常工作条件下或压力试验状态下内装物料的重力载荷； d) 附属设备及隔热材料、管道等的重力载荷； e) 风载荷、地震载荷； f) 支座、支耳及其他型式支撑的反作用力； g) 连接管道和其他部件的作用力； h) 温度梯度或热膨胀量不同引起的作用力； i) 包括压力急剧波动的冲击载荷； j) 冲击反力，如由流体冲击引起的反力等； k) 运输或吊装时的作用力。 4.4.4 铝材厚度附加量按式(1)确定： C＝C1＋C2 (1) 式中： C——铝材厚度附加量，mm； C1——铝材厚度负偏差，按照GB／T 3880.3和GB／T 4436的规定，mm； C2——腐蚀裕量，按4.4.1的规定，C2＝0。 4.5 焊接接头系数 4.5.1 焊接接头系数f应根据焊接方法和受压元件的焊接接头型式及无损检测的长度比例确定。 4.5.2 热交换器焊接接头系数确定如下： a) 双面焊对接接头和相当于双面焊的全焊透对接接头： 100％无损检测：f＝1.0； 局部无损检测：f＝0.85。 b) 单面焊对接接头(沿焊缝根部全长有紧贴基本金属的垫板)： 100％无损检测：f＝0.90； 局部无损检测：f＝0.80。 c) 焊接接头无法进行无损检测时，焊接接头应采用全焊透结构，其焊接接头系数一般不大于0.60 4.6 耐压试验压力 4.6.1 耐压试验压力的最低值按下述规定，试验压力的上限应满足6.1.9.1应力校核的限制。 4.6.1.1 内压通道试验压力应按式(2)计算： a) 液压试验压力： (2) b) 气压试验或气液组合试验压力： (3) 式中： pT——试验压力，MPa； p——设计压力，MPa； [σ]——热交换器用材料在耐压试验温度下的许用应力，MPa； [σ]t——热交换器用材料在设计温度下的许用应力，MPa。 注1：热交换器铭牌上规定有最大允许工作压力时，式中应以最大允许工作压力代替设计压力p。 注2：热交换器各元件所用材料不同时，应取各元件材料的[σ]／[σ]t比值最小者。 4.6.1.2 外压通道的试验压力按下式计算： 液压试验压力： pT＝1.3p (4) 气压试验或气液组合试验压力： pT＝1.25p (5) 4.6.1.3 承受交变载荷以及在特殊场合使用的热交换器，其液压试验压力应适当提高，具体要求按照图样规定执行。 4.7 图样 4.7.1 制造厂应提供板翅式热交换器的总图(或技术文件)以供审核。 4.7.2 总图(或技术文件)至少应包含以下信息： a) 项目代号； b) 最大允许工作压力，设计压力(设备若在真空状态下工作，则还须包括真空度)，试验压力，最高设计温度，最低设计金属温度，板翅式热交换器的检验或操作的限制条件； c) 板翅式热交换器外形尺寸及支座位置； d) 板翅式热交换器所有的尺寸标注； e) 耐压试验及泄漏试验； f) 板翅式热交换器的质量，包括净重和带液重； g) 板翅式热交换器分别在空置与工作条件下的重心； h) 主要零部件的材料牌号及标准； i) 与设备连接的接管或接管法兰所允许的力和力矩； j) 所有接管的尺寸、法兰等级与法兰密封面形式、位置、方向、流体方向； k) 相应的设计规范。 5 材料 5.1 一般要求 5.1.1 热交换器用铝材应考虑使用条件(如设计温度、设计压力、介质特性及操作特点等)、热交换器的制造工艺与检验要求以及经济合理性等因素，并应具有良好的耐蚀性能、力学性能、焊接性能、成形等其他工艺性能和物理性能。 5.1.2 热交换器的封头、封条和侧板等受压元件用铝材应附有生产单位的铝材质量证明书原件，热交换器制造单位应按照铝材质量证明书对铝材进行验收，必要时还应进行复验。如无铝材生产单位的铝材质量证明书原件时，则应按TSG 21—2016中2.1条的规定执行。 5.1.3 热交换器采用境外牌号材料时，应按TSG 21—2016中2.1.2条的规定执行。 5.1.4 首次使用于热交换器芯体的材料，应进行爆破试验。 5.1.5 设计温度大于65℃时，不得选用镁含量大于3％的铝合金。热交换器用铝制元件最大允许设计温度范围参见附录B。 5.2 热交换器零部件 5.2.1 热交换器常用铝材见附录C，同时可按照JB／T 4734、GB／T 3880、GB／T 6893、GB／T 4437.1及YS／T 69的相关规定执行。采用本标准附录C未列出的铝材时，应按照相应材料标准的规定执行。 5.2.2 热交换器用封头、封条和侧板等受压元件铝材的许用应力值按照附录C选取，超过附录C设计温度范围的许用应力值按JB／T 4734的有关规定选取。 5.2.3 热交换器用翅片、隔板等受压元件的许用应力，按GB／T 3198、GB／T 3880.2和YS／T 69规定的抗拉强度值除以TSG 21—2016规定的安全系数计算确定。 5.2.4 附录C所列材料可以是复合材料，如果采用复合材料，其最高设计温度、机械性能按照基体材料确定。 5.2.5 铝合金状态依据GB／T 16475的规定。 5.2.6 铝合金牌号见GB／T 16474—2011的规定。 6 设计 6.1 封头 6.1.1 封头的接管与外部铝合金管道连接采用焊接结构时，结构应按图6 a)。 6.1.2 封头的接管与外部管道连接采用法兰连接时，结构应按图6 b)。 6.1.3 封头的接管与外部异种金属管道(不锈钢或铜)连接采用焊接结构时，应按图6 c)。