标准编号:	GB/T 16157-1996
中文名称:	固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法
英文名称:	The determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of stationary source
中标分类:	Z11    气体介质与放射性物质采样
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	13.030 13.030    废物 13.030
发布机构:	国家环境保护局
发布日期:	1996-01-12
实施日期:	1996-3-6
标准状态:	superseded
被新标准替代:	GB/T 16157-1996/XG1-2017 固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法， 含行业标准第1号修改单
被替代日期:	2018-3-1
替代旧标准:	GB 9078-1988
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	34000 字
翻译价格(元):	300.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

This standard is established in order to implement the national and local air pollutants emission standards and adjust the supervision of organized emission of stationary pollution source, especially collection method of sample. The determination contents of particulates specified in this standard include sampling, determination and calculation. The supervision on stationary pollution source is generally implemented according to this standard, unless otherwise stated in relevant emission standard or analytical method standard, such as heat engine plant shall be according to emission standard; chromic (sulfur) acid mist, plumbum (or other metal) and its compounds shall be according to analytical method standard. Other provisions shall be complied with too. The emission monitoring of gaseous pollutants is complex. The sampling contents specified in this standard shall be regarded as general requirements. The sampling shall also comply with the specific provisions in emission standard and analytical method for gaseous pollutants standard. This standard dose not relate to the requirements for operation condition and frequency of monitoring on the final acceptance of stationary pollution source and routine supervisory monitoring; the monitoring shall also be in accordance with relevant emission standard, monitoring regulations and provisions of the monitoring on the final acceptance of construction project by National Environmental Protection Agency. Due to the requirements for monitoring conditions of boiler emission are specified not in the emission standard but in measuring method for smoke and dust, GB 5468-91 "Measuring Method for Smoke and Dust of Boiler Emission" is reserved even though this standard has been approved and issued. It must not be considered that this standard conflicts to it. The monitoring is carried out according to provisions, and this standard is cited for any unknown place. Added to this, GB 9078-88 "Determination of the Smoke and Dust of Industrial Kiln and Furnace" has been included in this standard. GB 9078-88 "Determination of the Smoke and Dust of Industrial Kiln and Furnace" is abolished on the implementation date of this standard. China Environmental Monitoring Central Station is responsible for the explanation of this standard. This standard was proposed by the State Environment Protection Administration-Department of Science, Technology and Standards. China Academy of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Environmental Health and sanitary Engineering is responsible for the draft of this standard. Chief drafting staffs of this standard: Liu Guangshuan, Chang Dehua, Zhou Yangsheng, Zhou Guangfa and Liu Jiang. 1 Subject Content and Application Scope 1.1 This standard specifies the determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of flue, chimney and exhaust funnel (hereinafter referred to as flue) and other stationary sources. 1.2 This standard is applicable to the determination of particulates and sampling of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of boiler, industrial kiln, furnace and other stationary source. 2 Definitions 2.1 Particulates Particulates refer to solid and liquid granular substance suspending in the emission gas generated by fuel and other substance during the process of burning, composition, decomposition as well as various materials in the mechanical processing. 2.2 Gaseous pollutants Gaseous pollutants refer to various pollutants dispersed over the emission gas in gaseous state. 2.3 Dry exhaust gas at standard condition Dry exhaust gas at standard condition refers to the moisture free exhaust gas when the temperature is 273 K and pressure is 101300 Pa. 3 Determination and Calculation Contents 3.1 Determination of exhaust parameters (temperature, pressure, moisture content and element). 3.2 Calculation of exhaust density and gas molecule. 3.3 Determination of exhaust flow rate and flow. 3.4 Determination of particulates in exhaust gas and calculation of emission concentration and emission rate. 3.5 Sampling of gaseous pollutants in exhaust gas and calculation of emission concentration and emission rate. 4 Basic Requirements of Sampling 4.1 Sampling condition The sampling shall be carried out when the production equipments are at normal operation or at the specified operation condition according to the requirements of standards for the pollutants emission. 4.2 Sampling location and sampling point 4.2.1 Sampling location 4.2.1.1 Sampling location shall be prior selected at the vertical pipe section and turn aside flue elbow and cross-section position with rapid change. Sampling position shall be set no less than 6 times the diameter away from the downstream direction of the elbow, valve and reducer pipe and no less than 3 times the diameter away from the upstream direction of above parts. For rectangular flue, the equivalent diameter D = 2AB / (A + B), where A and B are side lengths. 4.2.1.2 For gaseous pollutants, the sampling location may not be restricted with above provisions due to the even mix, but it shall turn aside the vortex cavity. If simultaneously determinate the exhaust flow, the sampling location is selected according to 4.2.1.1. 4.2.1.3 Sampling location shall turn aside the locations that may danger the testing personnel. 4.2.2 Sampling hole 4.2.2.1 Open sampling hole on the selected determination position; the inner diameter of sampling hole shall not be less than 80mm; pipe range of sampling hole shall not be larger than 50mm. When it is out of service, it shall be blocked with cover plate, casing cap or pipe cap (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). If the sampling hole is only used to sample gaseous pollutants, the inner diameter shall not be less than 40mm. Figure 1 Sampling Hole with Cover Plate Figure 2 Sampling Hole with Casing Cap Figure 3 Sampling Hole with Pipe cap (unit: mm) (unit: mm) (unit: mm) 4.2.2.2 The flue transport high temperature or toxic gas at positive pressure shall be adopted with sealed sampling hole with paddle valve (Figure 4). Figure 4 Sealed Sampling Hole with Paddle Valve 4.2.2.3 For circular flue, the sampling hole shall be set on the orthogonal diameter lines containing the measuring points (Figure 5). For rectangular or square flue, the sampling hole shall be set on the extension line containing all the measuring points (Figure 6 and Figure 7). Figure 6 Measuring Points of Rectangular Section Figure 7 Measuring Points of Square Section 4.2.3 Sampling platform Sampling platform is set for sampling by testing personnel. It shall be with adequate working area to enable the worker to operate safely and conveniently. The area of platform shall not be less than 1.5m2 and set with 1.1m guard fence. The sampling hole is about 1.2~1.3m away from the platform surface. 4.2.4 Position and number of sampling points 4.2.4.1 Circular flue a) Divide the flue into right quantity of concentric rings with equal-area; every measuring point shall be selected with the intersection point of the center line of each ring and the two vertical crossed diameter lines; one of the diameter lines shall be on the plane which is expected to have the maximum concentration change; If the measuring point is behind the elbow, the diameter line shall be on the A-A plane with elbow (Figure 8).

Foreword I 1 Subject Content and Application Scope 2 Definitions 3 Determination and Calculation Contents 4 Basic Requirements of Sampling 5 Determination of Exhaust Parameters 6 Calculations of Exhaust Density and Gas Molecular Weight 7 Determination of Exhaust Flow Rate and Flow 8 Determination of Particulates in Exhaust Gas 9 Sampling Method for Gaseous Pollutants 10 Calculation of Sampling Volume 11 Concentration and Emission Rate Calculation of Particulates or Gaseous Pollutants 12 Instrumental Correction

气态污染物采样方法 Determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of stationary source _______________________________________________________________________________ 1 主题内容和适用范围 1.1 本标准规定了在烟道、烟囱及排气筒（以下简称烟道）等同定污染源排气中颗料物的测定方法和气态污染物的采样方法。 1.2 本标准适用于各种锅炉、工业炉窑、及其他固定污染源排气中颗粒物的测定和气态污染物的采样。 2 定义 2.1 颗粒物 颗粒物是指燃料和其他物质在燃烧、合成、分解以及各种物料在机械处理中所产生的悬浮于排放气体中的固体和液体颗粒状物质。 2.2 气态污染物 气态污染物是指以气体状态分散在排放气体中的各种污染物。 2.3 标准状态下的干排气 标准状态下的干排气是指在温度为273K，压力为101 300Pa条件下不含水分的排气。 3 测定与计算内容 3.1 排气参数（温度、压力、水分含量、成分）的测定。 3.2 排气密度和气体分子的计算。 3.3 排气流速和流量的测定。 3.4 排气中颗粒物的测定和排放浓度、排放率的计算。 3.5 排气中气态污染物的采样和排放浓度、排放率的计算。 4 采样的基本要求 4.1 采样工况 应在生产设备处于正常运行状态下进行，或根据有关污染物排放标准的要求，在所规定的工况条件下测定。 4.2 采样位置和采样点 4.2.1 釆样位置 4.2.1.1 采样位置应优先选择在垂直管段。应避开烟道弯头和断面急剧变化的部位。釆样位置应设置在距弯头、阀门、变径管下游方向不小于6倍直径和距上述部件上游方向不小于3倍直径处。对矩形烟道，其当量直径D=2AB/（A+B），式中A、B为边长。 4.2.1.2 对于气态污染物，由于混合比较均匀，其采样位置可不受上述规定限制，但应避开涡流区。如果同时测定排气流量，采样位置仍按4.2.1.1选取。 4.2.1.3 采样位置应避开对测试人员操作有危险的场所。 4.2.2 采样孔 4.2.2.1 在选定的测定位置上开设采样孔，采样孔内径应不小于80mm，采样孔管长应不大于50mm。不使用时应用盖板、管堵或管帽封闭（图1、图2、图3）。当采样孔仅用于采集气态污染物时，其内径应不小于40mm。 图1 带有盖板的采样孔 图2 带有管堵的采样孔 图3 带有管帽的采样孔 （单位：mm） （单位：mm） （单位：mm） 4.2.2.2 对正压下输送高温或有毒气体的烟道应采用带有闸板阀的密封采样孔（图4）。 图4 带有闸板阀的密封采样孔 4.2.2.3 对圆形烟道，采样孔应设在包括各测定点在内的互相垂直的直径线上（图5）。对矩形或方形烟道，采样孔应设在包括各测定点在内的延长线上（图6、图7）。 图6 长方形断面的测定点 图7 正方形断面的测定点 4.2.3 采样平台 采样平台为检测人员采样设置，应有足够的工作面积使工作人员安全、方便地操作平台面积应不小于1.5m、并设有1.1m高的护栏，采样孔距平台面约为1.2～1.3m。 4.2.4 采样点位置和数目 4.2.4.1 圆形烟道 a）将烟道分成适当数量的等面积同心环，各测点选在各环等面积中心线与呈垂直相交的两条直径线的交点上，其中一条直径线应在预期浓度变化最大的平面内，如当测点在弯头后，该直径线应位于弯头所在的平面A-A内（图8）。 图8 圆形烟道弯头后的测点 b）对符合4.2.1.1要求的烟道。可只选预期浓度变化最大的一条直径线上的测点。 c）对直径小于0.3m、流速分布比较均匀、对称并符合4.2.1.1要求的小烟道，可取烟道中心作为 d）不同直径的圆形烟道的等面积环数、测量直径数及测点数见表1，原则上测点不超过20个。 表1 圆形烟道分环及测点数的确定 烟道直径，m 等面积环数 测量直径数 测点数 ＜0.3 0.3～0.6 0.6～1.0 1.0～2.0 2.0～4.0 ＞4.0 1～2 2～3 3～4 4～5 5 1～2 1～2 1～2 1～2 1～2 1 2～8 4～12 6～16 8～20 10～20 c）测点距烟道内壁的距离见图9，按表2确定。当测点距烟道内壁的距离小于25mm时，取25mm。 图9 采样点距烟道内壁距离表 表2 测点距烟道内壁距离（以烟道直径D计） 测点号 环 数 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.146 0. 854 0.067 0.250 0.750 0.933 0.044 0.146 0.296 0.704 0.854 0.956 0.033 0.105 0.194 0.323 0.677 0.806 0.895 0.967 0.026 0.082 0.146 0.226 0.342 0.658 0.774 0.854 0.918 0.974 4.2.4.2 矩形或方形烟道 a）将烟道断面分成适当数量的等面积小块，各块中心即为测点。小块的数量按表3的规定选取。原则上测点不超过20个。 表3 矩（方）形烟道的分块和测点数 烟道断面积（m2） 等面积小块长边长度（m） 测点总数 ＜0.1 ＜0.32 1 0.1～0.5 ＜0.35 1～4 0.5～1.0 ＜0.50 4～6 1.0～4.0 ＜0.67 6～9 4.0～9.0 ＜0.75 9～16 ＞9.0 ＜1.0 ≤20 b）烟道断面面积小于0.1m2，流速分布比较均匀、对称并符合4.2.1.1要求的，可取断面中心作为测点。 4.2.4.3 当烟道布置不能满足4.2.1.1要求时，应增加采样线和测点。 5 排气参数的测定 5.1 排气温度的测定 5.1.1 测量位置和测点 按4.2.1和4.2.4确定，一般情况下可在靠近烟道中心的一点测定。 5.1.2 仪器 a）热电偶或电阻温度计：其示值误差应不大于±3℃。 b）水银玻璃温度计：精确度应不低于2.5%，最小分度值应不大于2℃。 5.1.3 测定步骤 a）将温度测量元件插入烟道中测点处，封闭测孔，待温度稳定后读数。 b）使用玻璃温度计时，不能抽出烟道外读数。 5.2 排气中水分含量的测定 排气中水分含量应根据不同的测量对象选用冷凝法、干湿球法或重量法中的一种方法测定。 5.2.1 采样位置及测点 按4.2.1和4.2.4确定，在靠近烟道中心的一个测点上采样。 5.2.2 冷凝法 5.2.2.1 原理 由烟道中抽取一定体积的排气使之通过冷凝器，根据冷凝出来的水量，加上从冷凝器排出的饱和气体含有的水蒸汽量，计算排气中的水分含量。 5.2.2.2 测定装置及仪器 测量排气中水分含量的采样系统如图10所示，它由烟尘采样管、冷凝器、干燥器、温度计、真空压力表、转子流量计和抽气泵等部件组成。 a）烟尘采样管：用不锈钢制成，内装滤筒，用以除去排气中的颗粒物，详见8.3.3.1。 b）冷凝器：由不锈钢制作。用于分离、贮存在采样管、连接管和冷凝器中冷凝下来的水。冷凝器总体积应不小于5L，冷凝管（φ10mm×1mm）有效长度应不小于1500mm，贮存冷凝水容器的有效容积应不小于100mL，排放冷凝水的开关应严密不漏气。 c）温度计：精确度应不低于2.5%，最小分度值应不大于2℃。 d）干燥器：用有机玻璃制作，内装硅胶，其容积应不小于0.8L，用于干燥进入流量计的湿烟气。 e）真空压力表：精确度应不低于4%，用于测定流量计前气体压力。 f）转子流量计：精确度应不低于2.5%。 g）抽气泵：当流量为40L/min时，其抽气能力应能克服烟道及采样系统阻力。当流量计量装置放在抽气泵出口端时，抽气泵应不漏气。 h）量筒：10mL。 1—滤筒；2—采样管；3—冷凝器；4—温度计；5—干燥器； 6—真空压力表；7—转子流量计；8—累积流量计；9—调节阀；10—抽气泵 图10 冷凝法测定排气水分含量装置 5.2.2.3 测定歩骤 a）将冷凝器装满冰水，或在冷凝器进，出水管上接冷却水。 b）将仪器按图10所示连接。 c）检查系统是否漏气，如发现漏气、应分段检查、堵漏，直到满足检漏要求。 流量计量装置放在抽气泵前的，其检漏方法有两种。 方法一：在系统的抽气泵前串一满量程为1L/min的小量程转子流量计。检漏时，将装好滤筒的采样管进口（不包括采样嘴）堵严，打开抽气泵，调节泵进口处的调节阀，使系统中的压力表负压指示为6.7kPa，此时，小量程流量计的流量如不大于0.6L/min，则视为不漏气。 方法二：检漏时，堵严采样管滤筒夹处进口，打开抽气泵，调节泵进口的调节阀，使系统中的真空压力表负压指示为6.7kPa，关闭连接柚气泵的橡皮管，在0.5min内如真空压力表的指示值下降不超过0.2kPa，则视为不漏气。 在仪器携往现场前，已按上述方法进行过检漏的，现场检漏仅对采样管后的连接橡皮管到抽气泵段进行检漏。 流量计量装置放在抽气泵后的检漏方法：在流量计量装置出口接一三通管，其一端接U型压力计，另一端接橡皮管。检漏时，切断抽气泵的进口通路，由三通的橡皮管端压入空气，使U型压力计水柱压差上升到2kPa，堵住橡皮管进口，如U型压力计的液面差在1mn内不变，则视为不漏气。抽气泵前管段仍按前面的方法检漏。 d）打开采样孔，淸除孔中的积灰。将装有滤筒的采样管插入烟道近中心位置，封闭采样孔。 e）开动抽气泵，以25L/min左右的流量抽气，同时记录采样开始时间。 f）抽取的排气量应使冷凝器中的冷凝水量在10mL以上。采样时每隔数分钟记录冷凝器出口的气体温度tv，转子流量计读数Q′r，流量计前的气体温度tr，压力Pr以及采样时间t。如系统装有累积流量计，应记录开始采样及终止釆样时的累积流量。 g）采样结束，将采样管出口向下倾斜，取出采样管，将凝结在采样管和连接管内的水倾入冷凝器中。用量筒测量冷凝水量。