标准编号:	GB/T 10827.5-2013
中文名称:	工业车辆 安全要求和验证 第5部分：步行式车辆
英文名称:	Industrial trucks―Safety requirements and verification―Part 5:Pedestrian-propelled trucks
中标分类:	J83    仓储设备、装卸机械
行业分类:	GB    国家标准
ICS分类:	53.060 53.060    工业车辆 53.060
发布机构:	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局 中国国家标准化管理委员会
发布日期:	2013-12-31
实施日期:	2014-7-1
标准状态:	superseded
被新标准替代:	GB/T 10827.5-2013 工业车辆 安全要求和验证 第5部分：步行式车辆 GB/T 10827.5-2023 工业车辆 安全要求和验证 第5部分：步行式车辆
被替代日期:	2024-6-1
作废日期:	2024-06-01
替代旧标准:	GB 10827.5-2013
翻译语言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符数:	33000 字
翻译价格(元):	1980.0
交付时间:	付款后 1 个工作日

1 Scope This part of GB 10827 gives safety requirements and the means for their verification for the following types of pedestrian-propelled trucks (hereafter referred to as trucks), equipped with load-handling devices for normal industrial duties, e.g. fork arms and platforms, or integrated attachments for special applications: - pedestrian-propelled straddle stackers, - pallet stackers, - industrial trucks with capacities not exceeding 1 000 kg with manual or electrical battery-powered lifting, - low-lift pallet trucks with lift height up to 300 mm and rated capacity up to 2 300 kg, - scissor-lift pallet trucks with lift heights up to 1 000 mm or rated capacity up to 1 000 kg with manual or electrical battery-powered lifting. It is applicable to trucks provided with either manual or electrical battery-powered lifting, operating on smooth, level, hard surfaces. Note: On-board battery chargers are considered to be part of the truck. Attachments mounted on the load-carrier or on the fork arms which are removable by the user are not considered to be part of the truck. This part deals with significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to the applicable machines when used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4). It does not establish the additional requirements for a) climatic conditions, b) operation in severe conditions (e.g. extreme environmental conditions such as freezer applications, high temperatures, corrosive environments, strong magnetic fields), c) electromagnetic compatibility (emission/immunity), d) handling of loads the nature of which could lead to dangerous situations (e.g. molten metal, acids/alkalis, radiating materials, especially brittle loads), e) handling suspended loads which may swing freely handling, f) use on public roads, g) direct contact with foodstuffs, h) operation on gradients or on surfaces other than smooth, level, hard surfaces, i) lifting systems using belts, j) lifting of persons, k) trucks with overturning moment greater than 40 000 N·m, l) scissor-lift trucks whose lifting is powered by external means (electric, pneumatic), m) roll containers, (returnable container); n) trucks that are intended to be towed by powered vehicles, o) trucks designed for special applications (e.g. hospitals, restaurant trolleys), p) winch-operated trucks, q) mobile lifting tables. Hazards relevant to noise, vibration and visibility are not significant and are not dealt with in this part. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 2328 Fork-Lift Trucks - Hook-on Type Fork Arms and Fork Arm Carriages - Mounting Dimensions ISO 3287 Powered Industrial Trucks - Symbols for Operator Controls and Other Displays ISO 5053 Powered Industrial Trucks - Terminology ISO 12100-1 Safety of Machinery-Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design-Part 1:Basic Terminology, Methodology ISO 12100-2 Safety of Machinery-Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design-Part 2: Technical Principles ISO 13857 Safety of Machinery - Safety Distances to Prevent Hazard Zones Being Reached by Upper and Lower Limbs ISO 15870 Powered Industrial Trucks - Safety Signs and Hazard Pictorials - General Principles ISO 20898 Industrial Trucks - Electrical Requirements 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5053 and ISO 12100-1, and the following apply. 3.1 stacker truck masted truck without tilt, with load-bearing outriggers, equipped with fork arms, a platform or other load-handling device, designed to be manually pushed, pulled and steered by one pedestrian operator Note: The load can be raised by either manual means or battery power. 3.1.1 straddle stacker stacking truck with outriggers, equipped with fork arms that are located between the outriggers 3.1.2 pallet stacker stacking truck where the fork arms extend over the outriggers 3.2 pallet truck truck with wheels supporting lifting fork arms for handling pallets, designed to be manually pushed, pulled and steered, on a smooth, level, hard surface by a pedestrian operator using an articulated tiller and designed to raise a load by pumping the tiller to a height 3.3 pedestrian-propelled industrial scissor-lift pallet truck truck without a mast, with three or more wheels and with two fork arms or a platform, with a scissor lifting mechanism, a wheel base that varies with the lift height and lateral stabilizers, designed to be manually pushed, pulled and steered by one pedestrian operator using an articulated tiller 3.4 actual capacity maximum load in kilograms, established by the manufacturer based on component strength and truck stability, which the truck can carry, lift and stack to a specified height, at a specified load centre distance and reach, if applicable, in normal operation Note: The actual capacity depends on the configuration of the truck in terms of such variables as the type and lift height of the mast fitted, the actual load centre and any attachments that may be fitted. Additional capacity ratings with removable attachments can also be established where permitted by the appropriate stability tests or by calculation using empirical data (formulae). 3.5 rated capacity of removable attachments maximum load in kilograms, which the attachment is capable of handling in normal operating conditions at the load centre distance as specified by the manufacturer of the attachment Note: For determination, see Annex B. 3.6 rated capacity (of a stacker truck) maximum load in kilograms given by the manufacturer, based on component strength and truck stability, that the truck can carry, lift and stack to a standard lift height, at a standard load centre in normal position Note 1: Where a truck does not lift to the standard lift height, H, it is given a rated capacity at its maximum lift height. For determination, see Annex B. Note 2: The rated capacity is used to compare the capacity of different manufacturers' trucks and to provide the break points used in technical standards and statistics. It gives the load that the truck type is capable of transporting or lifting under the above conditions. The safe operating limits for the truck are defined by its actual capacity (see ISO 3691-1). 3.7 normal operating position position in which the operator shall be able to control all functions for load handling as defined by the manufacturer 3.8 normal operation intended use for which the truck is designed, according to the manufacturer's specification and defined in the instruction handbook 4 List of Significant Hazards This list contains all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they deal with this part, identified by risk assessment of industrial trucks and which require action to eliminate or reduce the risk. Table 1 List of Significant Hazards No. Type or group/origin Potential consequences Corresponding requirement 1 Mechanical hazards -Acceleration, deceleration (kinetic energy) - Machinery mobility - Moving elements - Rotating elements -Being run over -Being thrown - Crushing -Drawing-in or trapping - Impact 5.2 Propelling, steering 5.3.1 Load-handling controls - General 5.3.2 Control with a device on the tiller 5.3.3 Control with a device not located on the tiller 5.4.3.1 Limitation of stroke 5.4.3.6 Failure of energy supply of hydraulic circuit 5.4.6.1 Disengagement of the attachment 5.5 Parking brake 5.11.2 Electrical systems and equipment 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use - Angular parts - Approach of a moving element to a fixed part - Crushing parts - Sharp edges - Crushing - Cutting or severing - Drawing-in or trapping - Entanglement - Shearing - Stabbing or puncture 5.2 Propelling, steering 5.8 Protection against crushing, shearing and entanglement points 5.9 Edges and angles 5.10 Protective devices 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use -Falling objects -Crushing -Impact 5.4.1 Chain system 5.4.2 Wire rope system 5.4.3.1 Limitation of stroke 5.4.3.2 Natural descent 5.4.3.4 Hydraulic circuit 5.4.3.5 Lowering speed limitation 5.4.4 Fork arms and platforms - Stacker trucks only 5.4.5 Fork carriers - Stacker trucks only 5.4.6 Load handling attachments - Stacker trucks only 5.6 Stability 5.7 Lateral stabilizers 5.10.4 Pallet handling 5.12 Lifting points 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use -High pressure -Injection 5.4.3.3 Pressure relief valves 5.4.3.4 Hydraulic circuit 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use -Stability -Being thrown -Crushing -Impact 5.6 Stability 5.7 Lateral stabilizers 5.12 Lifting points 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use 2 Electrical hazards -Arc - Electromagnetic phenomena - Electrostatic phenomena -Live parts - Not enough distance from live parts under high voltage - Overload - Parts which have become live under fault conditions - Short-circuit - Thermal radiation - Burn - Chemical effects - Electrocution - Falling, being thrown - Fire -Projection of molten particles -Shock 5.11.2 Electrical systems and equipment 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use 3 Thermal hazards - Explosion - Flame -Radiation from heat sources - Burn -Dehydration -Discomfort -Injuries by the radiation of heat sources - Scald 5.11.2 Electrical systems and equipment 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use 4 Noise hazards No origin of this kind of hazard in industrial trucks covered by these specifications 5 Vibration hazards No origin of this kind of hazard in industrial trucks covered by these specifications 6 Radiation hazards No origin of this kind of hazard in industrial trucks covered by these specifications 7 Material/substance hazards - Combustible - Explosive - Flammable -Fluid - Fume -Gas -Breathing difficulties, suffocation -Cancer -Corrosion -Effects on reproductive capability -Explosion - Fire -Infection -Mutation - Poisoning - Sensitization 5.4.3.4 5.10.2 5.11.2 6 7 Hydraulic circuit Glass guards or screens Electrical systems and equipment Verification of safety requirements and/or measures Information for use 8 Ergonomic hazards - Access - Design or location of indicators and visual display units - Design, location or identification of control devices -Effort - Local lighting - Mental overload/underload - Posture - Repetitive activity - Visibility -Discomfort -Fatigue -Musculoskeletal disorder -Stress -Any other (e.g. mechanical, electrical) as a consequence of human error 5.2 Propelling, steering 5.3 Load-handling controls 5.11.1 Lifting 5.11.2 Electrical systems and equipment 6 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures 7 Information for use 9 Hazards associated with environment in which the machine is used -Dust and fog -Electromagnetic disturbance -Lightning -Moisture -Temperature -Water -Lack of oxygen - Burn - Slight disease - Slipping, falling - Suffocation - Any other as a consequence of the effect caused by the sources of the hazards on the machine or parts of the machine 7 Information for use 10 Combination of hazards E.g. repetitive activity + effort + high environmental temperature E.g. dehydration, loss of awareness, heat stroke 7 Information for use 5 Safety Requirements and/or Protective Measures 5.1 General Trucks shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause. In addition, the truck shall be designed according to the principles of ISO 12100 for relevant but not significant hazards which are not dealt with by this document. 5.2 Propelling, steering 5.2.1 Push/pull handles Push/pull handle(s), either vertical or horizontal, and/or a tiller shall be provided to allow the operator to push, pull and steer the truck and, where applicable, lift the load. The force shall be measured and be within the limits defined in Annex A. 5.2.2 Tiller The tiller shall be provided with a handle of the closed loop type or otherwise designed to ensure lateral protection of the operator's hands. The hand grips shall be of an enclosed cross-section or a similar structure with an outside diameter of 25 mm~35 mm and provide a minimum span of 120 mm for each hand. The height of the tiller handle (dimension a) shall conform to the dimensions shown in Figures 1 to 7. When pulling, the horizontal distance between the end of the tiller and the front of the wheel (dimension b in Figures 3, 5, and 7) shall be more than 500 mm, the handle axis being positioned within 700 mm to 1 000 mm height. The tiller shall automatically return to the upper rest position when released.

Foreword i Introduction iii 1 Scope 2 Normative References 3 Terms and Definitions 4 List of Significant Hazards 5 Safety Requirements and/or Protective Measures 6 Verification of Safety Requirements and/or Protective Measures 7 Information for Use Annex A (Normative) Method for Measurement of Forces, F Annex B (Normative) Rated Capacity Bibliography

1 范围 GB 10827的本部分规定了下列类型的步行式车辆(以下简称“车辆”)的安全要求及其验证方法，此类车辆在正常工业用途时配备有载荷搬运装置，如货叉和平台，或在特殊应用时的整体式属具： ——插腿式叉车； ——托盘堆垛车； ——起重量不大于1 000 kg的手动或电动(蓄电池为动力)起升的其他工业车辆； ——起升高度不大于300 mm且额定载重量不大于2 300 kg的低起升托盘搬运车； ——起升高度不大于1 000 mm或额定起重量不大于1 000 kg的手动或电动(蓄电池为动力)剪叉式起升托盘搬运车。 本部分亦适用于手动或电动起升的，可在坚实、平整、水平和铺好的路面上操作的其他车辆。 注：车载电池充电器被认为是车辆的一部分。安装在承载架或货叉上的可拆卸式属具不属于车辆的一部分。 本部分涉及有关机械在预期用途下使用和在制造商可预见的条件下误用的所有重大危险、危险状态和危险事件(见第4章)。 本部分不包括下列情况可能发生危险的附加要求： a)气候条件； b)在恶劣条件下操作(如冰冻、高温、腐蚀、强磁场等极端环境条件)； c)电磁兼容性(发射/抗扰性)； d)搬运可能会导致危险状态的货物(如熔融金属、酸/碱、辐射性物质、特别是易碎物品)； e)搬运能自由摆动的悬吊载荷； f)在公共道路上使用； g)直接与食物接触； h)在斜坡或不平坦的坚硬路面上操作； i)使用皮带的起升装置； j)人员起升； k)车辆的倾覆力矩大于40 000 N·m； l)以外接动力(电动、气动)驱动起升的剪叉式起升车辆； m)罐车(通用容器)； n)使用机动车牵引的车辆； o)用于特殊用途的车辆(如医院或餐馆用小车)； p)带卷扬装置的车辆； q)移动式升降台。 噪声、振动和视野不属于重大危险，在本部分中不涉及。 2规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 ISO 2328叉车 挂钩型货叉和货叉架 安装尺寸(Fork-lift trucks—Hook-on type fork arms and fork arm carriages—Mounting dimensions) ISO 3287机动工业车辆 驾驶员控制装置及其他显示装置用符号(Powered industrial trucks—Symbols for operator controls and other displays) ISO 5053机动工业车辆 术语(Powered industrial trucks—Terminology) ISO 12100-1机械安全 基本概念与设计通则 第1部分：基本术语和方法(Safety of machinery—Basic concepts，general principles for design—Part 1：Basic terminology，methodology) ISO 12100-2机械安全 基本概念与设计通则 第2部分：技术原则(Safety of machinery—Basic concepts，general principles for design—Part 2：Technical principles) ISO 13857 机械安全 防止上下肢触及危险区的安全距离(Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs) ISO 15870机动工业车辆 安全标志和危险图示 通则(Powered industrial trucks—Safety signs and hazard pictorials—General principles) ISO 20898工业车辆 电气要求(Industrial trucks—Electrical requirements) 3术语和定义 ISO 5053和ISO 12100-1界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。 3.1 堆垛叉车 stacker truck 带有外伸支腿和不倾斜门架，配备货叉、平台或其他载荷搬运装置，设计为由一名步行操作者用人力进行推、拉和转向等操作的车辆。 注：载荷的起升既可以采用人力方法，也可以使用蓄电池动力。 3.1.1 插腿式叉车straddle stacker 带有外伸支腿，其货叉位于两支腿之间的堆垛用起升车辆。 3.1.2 托盘堆垛车pallet stacker 货叉位于支腿正上方的堆垛用起升车辆。 3.2 托盘搬运车pallet truck 起升货叉由车轮支撑，用于光滑且坚硬的地面上进行作业的车辆，由一名步行操作者，通过转向操纵杆进行手推、手拉和转向操作，并可以通过压动转向操纵杆将载荷提升到一定高度。 3.3 步行剪叉式起升托盘搬运车pedestrian-propelled industrial scissor-lift pallet truck 不带门架，具有三个或多个车轮、两个货叉或一个平台、剪叉式起升装置，且轴距随起升高度和侧向稳定装置变化的车辆。由一名步行操作者使用铰接式转向操纵杆进行手推、手拉和转向操作。 3.4 实际起重量actual capacity 由制造商根据零部件强度和车辆稳定性确定的，在正常操作条件下，在特定的载荷中心距和前移距离，车辆可搬运、起升和堆垛到特定高度的最大起重量(单位为千克)。 注：实际起重量取决于车辆的配置，如安装门架的类型和起升高度、实际载荷中心以及其他可能安装的属具。带可拆卸属具附加的载荷曲线，可通过有关的稳定性试验或者通过使用经验数据(公式)来确定。 3.5 可拆卸属具的额定起重量rated capacity of removable attachments 正常操作条件下，在属具制造商给定的载荷中心距，属具所能搬运(装卸)的最大载荷(单位为千克)。 注：有关规定见附录B。 3.6 额定起重量rated capacity <堆垛叉车>由制造商根据零部件强度和车辆稳定性确定的，在正常位置车辆载荷处于标准载荷中心，车辆可搬运、起升和堆垛到标准起升高度的最大载荷(单位为千克)。 注1：当门架的起升高度低于标准起升高度H时，则按照实际最大起升高度确定额定起重量。有关规定见附录B。 注2：额定起重量是用来比较不同制造商所生产的车辆的能力，并提供在技术标准和统计中的依据。在上述条件下，它给出各类车辆能够运输或起升载荷的能力。车辆的安全操作极限是由实际载荷来确定(参见ISO 3691-1)。 3.7 正常操作位置normal operating position 操作人员能够控制由制造商给出的所有载荷搬运功能的位置。 3.8 正常作业 normal operation 车辆根据制造商的技术参数和使用说明书规定的预定使用。 4重大危险列表 表1包含了本部分所涉及的，并被工业车辆的危险评价机构所确认的所有重大危险、危险状态和事件，这些危险应被消除或减少。 表1 重大危险列表 序号 类型或分组/来源 潜在的后果 相应的要求 1 机械危险 ——加速、减速(动能) ——机械的机动性 ——运动部件 ——旋转部件 ——碾压 ——抛出 ——挤压 ——吸入或卷入 ——碰撞 5.2 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4.3.1 5.4.3.6 5.4.6.1 5.5 5.11.2 6 7 运行和转向 载荷升降控制装置——概述 载荷控制装置安装在舵柄上 载荷控制装置未安装在舵柄上 行程限位装置 液压回路能源供应故障 属具脱离 停车制动 电气系统和设备 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 ——带棱角的部件 ——运动部件与固定部件的接近 ——挤压部件 ——锐边 ——挤压 ——切割或切断 ——吸入或卷入 ——缠绕 ——剪切 ——刺伤或刺穿 5.2 5.8 5.9 5.10 6 7 运行和转向 防止挤压、剪切和夹住 边和角 保护装置 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 表1(续) 序号 类型或分组/来源 潜在的后果 相应的要求 ——坠落物 ——挤压 ——碰撞 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3.1 5.4.3.2 5.4.3.4 5.4.3.5 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.6 5.7 5.10.4 5.12 6 7 链条系统 钢丝绳系统 行程限位装置 自然下滑量 液压回路 下降速度限制 货叉和平台——仅堆垛车 货叉架——仅堆垛车 属具——仅堆垛车 稳定性 侧向稳定器 进、出托盘 起吊点 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 ——高压 ——喷射 5.4.3.3 5.4.3.4 6 7 安全阀 液压回路 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 ——稳定性 ——抛出 ——挤压 ——碰撞 5.6 5.7 5.12 6 7 稳定性 侧向稳定器 起吊点 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 2 电气危险 ——电弧 ——电磁现象 ——静电现象 ——带电部件 ——与高压带电部件之间无足够距离 ——过载 ——故障条件下带电的零件 ——短路 ——热辐射 ——烧伤 ——化学效应 ——触电 ——坠落、甩出 ——着火 ——熔化颗粒的射出 ——休克 5.11.2 6 7 电气系统和设备 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 3 热危险 ——爆炸 ——火焰 ——热源辐射 ——烧伤 ——脱水 ——热源辐射引起的伤害 ——烫伤 5.11.2 6 7 电气系统和设备 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 表1(续) 序号 类型或分组/来源 潜在的后果 相应的要求 4 噪声危险 本部分所述的工业车辆无此类危险来源 5 振动危险 本部分所述的工业车辆元此类危险来源 6 辐射危险 本部分所述的工业车辆无此类危险来源 7 材料/物质产生的危险 ——易燃物 ——爆炸物 ——可燃物 ——流体 ——烟雾 ——气体 ——呼吸困难、窒息 ——癌症 ——腐蚀 ——影响生育能力 ——爆炸 ——着火 ——感染 ——基因突变 ——中毒 ——过敏反应 5.4.3.4 5.10.2 5.11.2 6 7 液压回路 玻璃挡板或屏风 电气系统和设备 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 8 人类工效学危险 ——通道 ——指示器和可视显示 单元的设计或安装位置 ——控制装置的设计、安装位置或识别 ——费力 ——局部照明 ——精神太紧张/注意力不足 ——姿势 ——重复活动 ——可视性 ——不舒服 ——疲劳 ——肌肉-骨骼的疾病 ——紧张 ——其他任何认为差错引起的后果(如机械的、电气的) 5.2 5.3 5.11.1 5.11.2 6 7 运行和转向 载荷升降控制装置 起升 电气系统和设备 安全要求和/或保护措施的验证 使用信息 表1(续) 序号 类型或分组/来源 潜在的后果 相应的要求 9 与机器使用环境有关的危险 ——粉尘和烟雾 ——电磁干扰 ——闪电 ——潮湿 ——温度 ——水 ——缺氧 ——烧伤 ——轻微疾病 ——滑倒、摔倒 ——窒息 ——其他任何由机器或机器零件上的危险源产生的影响 7 使用信息 10 综合危险 如重复活动+费力+环境温度高 如脱水、失去知觉、中暑 7 使用信息 5安全要求和/或保护措施 5.1 概述 车辆应遵循本章的安全要求和/或保护措施。此外，本部分未涉及的非重大危险，在车辆设计时应遵循ISO 12100规定的原则。 5.2运行和转向 5.2.1推/拉手柄 应设置垂直或水平的推/拉杆和/或一个舵柄，供操作人员对车辆进行推、拉和转向以及需要时起升载荷。应对力进行测量，其测量值应在附录A规定的范围内。 5.2.2舵柄 舵柄上应配有闭环型手柄或其他能确保操作人员手外侧免受伤害的手柄。 握杆的横截面是封闭环形或类似的结构，且外径为25 mm～35 mm，单手的握杆宽度不应小于120 mm。 舵柄的高度(a)应符合图1～图7中所示尺寸。 拉动时，舵柄端部和车轮前面之间的水平距离(图3、图5和图7中的b)应大于500 mm，握杆握心的高度在700 mm～1 000 mm之间。 释放时，舵柄将自动返回到上止动位置。 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图1 舵柄的高度 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图2 舵柄(推) 说明： a=700 mm～1 000 mm； b≥500 mm。 图3 舵柄(拉) 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图4舵柄(推) 说明： a=700 mm～1 000 mm； b≥500 mm。 图5 舵柄(拉) 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图6 舵柄的高度 说明： a=700 mm～1 000 mm： b≥500 mm。 图7 拉动时舵柄的位置 5.2.3 推/拉杆 从地面到推/拉杆中心的高度应在1 100 mm～1 300 mm之间，见图8～图11。 垂直推/拉杆的垂直长度不应小于300 mm，见图9。 在推/拉杆的横向外侧和车辆侧面外轮廓之间应留有最小50 mm的距离。 握杆的横截面是封闭环形或类似的结构，且外径为25 mm～35 mm。 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图8水平推/拉杆 说明： a≥300 mm； b=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图9 垂直推/拉杆 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图10水平推/拉杆 说明： a=1 100 mm～1 300 mm。 图11 垂直推/拉杆 5.3载荷升降控制装置 5.3.1 概述 起升和下降控制装置可以安装在舵柄上，也可作为一个独立装置。控制装置的设计应使意外操作的风险降为最小，而且当释放下降档位时，它应能自动返回到中位，并停止运动。 5.3.2载荷控制装置安装在舵柄上 如果升降控制装置安装在舵柄上，其所处位置应为操纵人员在不松开舵柄握杆的情况下能实现操作。起升和中位应能保持在既选位置。下降位置在控制杆被释放后应能自动返回到中位位置，且货叉或平台应停止下降。 控制杆的启动力不应超过150 N。 当控制杆的运动在舵柄平面的平行面内时，朝着舵柄铰接点方向推动控制杆实现起升控制，向相反方向拉动控制杆实现下降控制。见图12。