The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows:
a) type-A standards (basic safety standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design, and general aspects that can be applied to all machinery;
b) type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one safety aspect or one or more type(s) of safeguard that can be used across a wide range of machinery;
c) type-C standards (machine safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular machine or group of machines.
This standard is a type-B2 standard as stated in GB/T 15706.
This standard is particularly relevant to the following parties concerned with mechanical safety:
——Machine manufacturer;
——Health and safety agency.
Other parties concerned affected by the mechanical safety level are:
——Machine user;
——Machine owner;
——Service provider;
——Consumer (for machinery intended to be used by consumers).
All the above parties concerned may participate in the drafting of this standard.
In addition, this standard is intended to be used by standardization organizations drafting type-C standards.
The requirements of this standard may be supplemented or modified by a type-C standard.
For machines that are covered by the scope of a type-C standard and that have been designed and built according to the requirements of that standard, the requirements of that type-C standard take precedence.
Guards provide a risk reduction for both protection against unintended access and against ejected parts and substances. The guarding can also give protection against others hazards, e.g. noise, fire, biological hazards, and radiation.
Safety of machinery—Guards—
General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards
1 Scope
This standard specifies general requirements for the design, construction, and selection of guards provided to protect persons from mechanical hazards.
This standard indicates other hazards that can influence the design and construction of guards.
This standard applies to guards for machinery which will be manufactured after it is published.
The requirements are applicable if fixed and movable guards are used.
This standard does not cover inter locking devices. These are covered in ISO 14119.
This standard does not provide requirements for special systems relating specificality to mobility such as ROPS (roll-over protective structures), FOPS (falIing-object protective structures), and TOPS (tip over protective structures) or to the ability of machinery to lift loads.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB 5226.1-2008 Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1: 2005, IDT)
GB/T 15706-2012 Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100: 2010, IDT)
ISO 13855 Safety of machinery—Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds of parts of the human body
ISO 13857 Safety of machinery Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs
ISO 14119 Safety of machinery Interlocking devices associated with guards—Principles for design and selection
ISO 14123-1 Safety of machinery Reduction of risks to health from hazardous substances emitted by machinery—Part 1: Principles and specifications for machinery manufacturers
ISO 14159 Safety of machinery—Hygiene requirements for the design of machinery
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 15706-2012 and the following apply.
3.1
guard
physical barrier, designed as part of the machine, to provide protection
Note 1: A guard may act either:
——alone, in which case it is only effective when "closed" (for a movable guard) or "securely held in place" (for a fixed guard).
——in conjunction with an interlocking device with or without guard locking, in which case protection is ensured whatever the position of the guard.
Note 2: Depending on its construction, a guard may be described as, for example, casing, shield, cover, screen, door, enclosing guard.
Note 3: The terms for types of guards are defined in GB/T 15706-2012, 3.27.1 to 3.27.6. See aIso GB/T 15706-2012, 6.3.3.2 for types of guards and their requirements.
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27]
3.2
fixed guard
guard affixed in such a manner (for example, by screws, nuts, and welding) that it can only be opened or removed by the use of tools or by destruction of the means by which the guard is affixed
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27.1]
3.2.1
enclosing guard
guard which pr e vents access to the hazard zone from all sides
Note: see Figure 1.
Figure 1 Example of an enclosing guard totally preventing access to transmission machinery
3.2.2
distance guard
guard which does not completely enclose a hazard zone, but which prevents or reduces access by virtue of its dimensions and its distance from the hazard zone, for example perimeter fence or tunnel guard
Note 1: A distance guard can be partially or fully surrounding.
Note 2: See Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2 Example of a distance guard
Figure 3 Example of a distance guard: tunnel guard providing protection at machine feed or discharge area
3.3
movable guard
guard which can be opened without the use of tools
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27.2]
3.3.1
power-operated guard
movable guard that is operated with the assistance of power from a source other than persons or gravity
3.3.2
self-closing guard
automatically adjustable guard
movable guard operated by a machine element (e.g. moving table) or by the workpiece or a part of the machining jig, so that it allows the workpiece (and the jig) to pass and then automatically returns (by means of gravity, a spring, other external to the closed position as soon as the workpiece has vacated the opening through which it has been allowed to pass
Note: See Figure 4.
Figure 4 Example of a self-closing guard
3.4
adjustable guard
guard which is adjustable as a whole or which incorporates adjustable part(s)
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27.3]
3.4.1
manually adjustable guard
adjustable guard where the adjustment is made manually and the adjustment remains fixed during a particular operation
Note: See Figure 5.
Figure 5 Example of an adjustable guard for a radial or pedestal drilling machine
3.5
interlocking guard
guard associated with an interlocking device so that, together with the control system of the machine, the following functions are performed:
——the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard cannot operate until the guard is closed;
——if the guard is opened while hazardous machine functions are operating, a stop command is given;
——when the guard is closed, the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard can operate. The closure of the guard does not, by itself, start the hazardous machine functions.
Note 1: See Figures 6 and 7.
Note 2: See ISO 14119 about interlocking devices.
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27.4]
Figure 6 Example of interlocking hinge guard (when closed, the danger zone is closed)
Figure 7 Example of interlocking sliding guards
3.5.1
interlocking guard with a start function
control guard
special form of interlocking guard which, once it has reached its closed position, gives a command to initiate the hazardous machine function(s) without the use of a separate start control
Note: GB/T 15706-2012, 6.3.3.2.5, gives detailed provisions regarding the conditions of use for a control guard (see also 5.3.14).
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27.6]
3.5.2
interlocking guard with guard locking
guard associated with an interlocking device and a guard locking device so that, together with the control system of the machine, the following functions are performed:
——the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard cannot operate untiI the guard is closed and Iocked;
——the guard remains closed and Iocked until the risk due to the hazardous machine functions "covered” by the guard has disappeared;
——when the guard is closed and locked, the hazardous machine functions "covered" by the guard can operate. The closure and Iocking of the guard do not, by themselves, start the hazardous machine functions.
Note 1: See ISO 14119 about interlocking devices.
Note 2: See Figure 8.
[GB/T 15706-2012, Definition 3.27.5]
Foreword i Introduction iii 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Risk assessment 5 General requirements for the design and construction of guards 5.1 Machine aspects 5.2 Human aspects 5.3 Guard design and construction aspects 5.4 Materials, rigidity, and impact requirements 5.5 Containment 5.6 Resistance to corrosion 5.7 Resistance to microorganisms 5.8 Non-toxicity 5.9 Machine viewing 5.10 Transparency 5.11 Shadows and stroboscopic effects 5.12 Electrostatic properties 5.13 Guards with electrically conductive parts 5.14 Thermal stability 5.15 Fire and flammability 5.16 Noise and vibration reduction 5.17 Radiation protection 5.18 Climbing 5.19 Retained fastenings 5.20 Vibration resistance 5.21 Warning signs 5.22 Color 5.23 Appearance 6 Selection of types of guards 6.1 General 6.2 Combination of different guards or of guards with other devices 6.3 Selection of guards according to the number and size of the hazards 6.4 Selection of guards according to the nature and frequency of access required 7 Verification of the safety requirements for guards 7.1 General 7.2 Verification and validation methods 7.3 Required verification and validation 8 Information for use 8.1 General 8.2 Guard hazards 8.3 Installation 8.4 Operation 8.5 Removal of guards 8.6 Inspection and maintenance Annex A (Informative) Example of retained fastening Annex B (Informative) Example of projectile test method for mechanically testing guards Annex C (Informative) Example of pendulum test method for mechanically testing guards Bibliography
机械安全 防护装置 固定式和活动式防护装置的 设计与制造一般要求 1 范围 本标准规定了用于保护人员免受机械危险伤害的防护装置的设计、制造和选择的一般要求。 本标准给出了影响防护装置设计和制造的其他危险。 本标准适用于在其发布之后生产的机械用防护装置。 本标准适用于固定式和活动式防护装置。 本标准不适用于联锁装置，联锁装置的要求由ISO 14119予以规定。 本标准没有规定具体涉及机动午辆专用系统，如ROPS(滚翻保护结构)、FOPS(落物保护结构)和TOPS(倾翻保护结构)，以及涉及起重机械专用系统的要求。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。 GB 5226.1—2008 机械安全 机械电气设备 第1部分：通用技术条件(IEC 60204-1：2005，IDT) GB/T 15706—2012 机械安全 设计通则 风险评估与风险减小(ISO 12100：2010，IDT) ISO 13855 机械安全 与人体部位接近速度相关的安全防护装置的定位(Safety of machinery—Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds of parts of the human body) ISO 13857 机械安全 防止上肢和下肢触及危险区的安全距离(Safety of machinery Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs) ISO 1411 9 机械安全 与防护装置相关的联锁装置 设计与选择原则(Safety of machinery Interlocking devices associated with guards—Principles for design and selection) ISO 14123-1 机械安全 减小由机械排放的危害性物质对健康的风险 第1部分：用于机械制造商的原则和规范(Safety of machinery Reduction of risks to health from hazardous substances emitted by machinery—Part 1：Principles and specifications for machinery manufacturers) ISO 14159 机械安全 机械设计的卫生要求(Safety of machinery—Hygiene requirements for the design of machinery) 3 术语和定义 GB/T 15706—2012界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。 3.1 防护装置 guard 设计为机器的组成部分，用于提供保护的物理屏障。 注1：防护装置可以： ——单独使用。对于活动式防护装置，只有“闭合”时才有效；对于固定式防护装置，只有处于“牢固的固定就位”才有效。 ——与带或不带防护锁定的联锁装置结合使用。在这种情况下，无论防护装置处于什么位置都能起到防护作用。 注2：根据防护装置的结构，可称作外壳、护罩、盖、屏、门和封闭式防护装置。 注3：防护装置类型的术语在GB/T 15706—2012中3.27.1～3.27.6定义。防护装置的类型及其要求也可见GB/T 15706—2012中6.3.3.2。 [GB/T 15706—2012，定义3.27] 3.2 固定式防护装置 fixed guard 以一定方式(如采用螺钉、螺母、焊接)固定的，只能使用工具或破坏其固定方式才能打开或拆卸的防护装置。 [GB/T 15706—2012，定义3.27.1] 3.2.1 封闭式防护装置 enclosing guard 防止从各个方向进入危险区的防护装置。 注：见图1。
